Fig. 1

Characterization of DNMF/PLGA NPs. A The size distribution using DLS and the structure and morphology using TEM. B UV–vis absorbance spectra of the N/PLGA, DOX/PLGA, MF/PLGA, and DNMF/PLGA NPs. C The FTIR spectrum of different samples including L-Arg, DOX, PLGA, and DNMF/PLGA. D High-resolution TEM elemental mapping of Mn, Fe, and O, along with TEM elemental line-scan of the NPs. E Magnetization hysteresis loops of the nanoparticles at 300 K ranging from – 30 to + 30 kOe. F Cumulative DOX release in PBS (pH 6.8) within 48 h. G The NO-release status of both the treatment groups within 48 h, including DNMF/PLGA only and DNMF/PLGA + laser (1 W cm⁻², 5 min). H Heating curves of various concentrations of DNMF/PLGA NPs upon 808-nm laser irradiation (1.5 W cm⁻² for 10 min). I The temperature curves of DNMF/PLGA NPs (2.0 mg/mL) exposed to 808-nm laser at different power densities. J Photothermal conversion efficiency of DNMF/PLGA NPs exposed to 808-nm laser (1.5 W cm⁻² for 5 min). K The photothermal stability of DNMF/PLGA NPs under five repeated heating/cooling cycles. L Infrared thermal images of DNMF/PLGA NPs at different concentrations under 808-nm laser (1.5 W cm.⁻²)