Fig. 5

Remodeling of tumor microenvironment in KPC mouse model. (a) Flow cytometry analysis of CD45⁺CD3⁺ T cells ratio in total CD45⁺ cells, CD45⁺CD3⁺CD4⁺ T cells ratio in total T cells (CD45⁺CD3⁺), CD45⁺CD3⁺CD8⁺ T cells ratio in total T cells (CD45⁺CD3⁺), and CD45⁺CD3⁺CD8⁺IFN-𝛄⁺ T cells in total CD8⁺ T cells (CD45⁺CD3⁺CD8⁺) (n = 3 independent mice in different treatment groups) Data are shown as mean ± SEM. (b) IHC staining and quantitative analysis of infiltrated CD8⁺ T cells in the tumors. (n = 5 independent mice in different treatment groups) Data are shown as mean ± SD. Scale bar = 100 μm. (c) Masson’s Trichrome staining of the KPC tumors. Green, deposited collagen; red, muscle fibers. Scale bar = 100 μm. (n = 3 independent mice in different treatment groups) Data are shown as mean ± SD. (d) Schematic illustration of proposed action mechanism of NanoBE. NanoBE facilitates the recognition of tumor cells and enables the engagement of phagocytosis by macrophages. T cell-mediated anti-tumor immune responses can be elicited as the results of antigen presentation by macrophages. Created with BioRender.com. Statistical analysis between the indicated groups was performed using one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. ^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01, ^***p < 0.001, ^****p < 0.0001