Fig. 9

NPs led to mitochondrial calcium overload. A Effect of NPs on cytoplasmic and mitochondrial calcium signaling. B Effect of BAPTA on ROS, cell viability and cell senescence. C Effect of IP3R inhibitor on ROS, cell viability and cell senescence. D DIDS (VDAC inhibitor) alleviated cellular senescence. E NPs treatment increased inflammation levels. F Effect of NF-κB inhibition on inflammation and cell senescence. G Effect of ROS inhibition on the NF-κB signaling. An asterisk indicates a significant interference