Fig. 3

In vitro anti-inflammatory assessments. Both IF imaging (A) and flow cytometry (B-D) demonstrate the P/G-CS-OI membrane is capable of downregulating M1 and upregulating M2 phenotypes of macrophages. RT-PCR analysis also confirms that the P/G-CS-OI membrane downregulates M1 (E) and upregulates M2 (F and G) phenotypes of macrophages, as well as downregulates pro-inflammatory genes of TNF-α (H), IL-1β (I), and IL-6 (J) and upregulates anti-inflammatory genes of IL-4 (K) and IL-10 (L). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, and n.s., not significant