Fig. 4

In vitro antioxidative assessments. DCFH-DA staining (A) and flow cytometry (B) analysis reveal that the P/G-CS-OI membrane shows the greatest ROS clearance of LPS-challenged macrophages. It also significantly lowers the NO production (C) and enhances SOD activity (D) of LPS-challenged macrophages. RT-PCR analysis demonstrates that the P/G-CS-OI membrane upregulates NRF2 (E) and downregulates KEAP1 (F), as well as upregulates NRF2 downstream genes of HO-1 (G), NQO1 (H), GCLC (I), and GCLM (J).*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, and n.s., not significant