Fig. 7

IF and IHC staining and ELISA analyses of wound healing quality. IF staining shows that the P/G-CS-OI membrane modulates macrophage polarization by down-regulating CD86 + cells and up-regulating CD206 + cells (A). The P/G-CS-OI membrane improves neovascularization as evidenced by increased numbers CD31+/α-SMA + blood vessels and promotes epithelialization by intense K10+/K14 + layers (A). IHC staining (B) shows that the P/G-CS-OI membrane significantly alleviates inflammation by down-regulating TNF-α expression (C) and upregulating the expressions of IL-10 (D), VEGF (E), and NRF2 (F). RT-PCR analysis of healing tissues also confirms that the P/G-CS-OI membrane downregulates M1 (G) and upregulates M2 (H). ELISA analysis of healing tissues also confirms the P/G-CS-OI membrane significantly reduces the pro-inflammatory cytokine accumulation of TNF-α (I), IL-1β (J), and IFN-γ (K). It shows powerful in vivo antioxidative capacity by stimulating SOD (L) and reducing MDA (M) production and also upregulating VEGF secretion (N).*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, and n.s., not significant