Fig. 3

TK-MLP@(GP + EM) NPs can inhibit the apoptosis of endothelial cells. (A) Apoptosis detection after various treatments by flow cytometry. (B) Western blotting assay of BAX, Bcl-2, and Cleaved caspase-3 levels in HUVECs with different treatments. (C) Confocal laser scanning microscopy images of VE-cadherin in HUVECs with different treatments. (D) The ultrastructure of mitochondria in HUVECs was observed using a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The arrows point to different states of mitochondrial structure. (E&F) Mitochondrial superoxide levels by MitoSOX Red fluorescent staining with MFI quantification. (G&H) Mitochondrial membrane potential by JC-1 staining with calculation of the ratio of red MFI (aggregated JC-1) to green MFI (monomer JC-1). 1: Control;2: Model; 3: GP + EM; 4: TK-MLP@(GP + EM). Scale bar = 20 μm. n = 3, ^###P < 0.001 vs. the Control. ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001 vs. the Model.