Fig. 1
Schematic representation of NS coupling with various physicochemical perforation for intracellular DNA delivery. (a) Schematic representation of NS integrated with a microfluidic design tailored for intracellular delivery. (b) Transfection model illustrating NS alone-mediated modest transfection without the application of external forces. (c) Schematic representation of NS coupling with four distinct physicochemical perforation methods for transfection, including cationic ionic polymer PEI modification, mechanical force, photothermal effect, and electric field. (d) Illustration of three distinct cell types used to test transfection efficiency: epithelial-like cells (HeLa), immune cells (DC2.4), and myocardial cells (HL-1). (e) Four customized settings designed for application in one of the four physicochemical perforation coupling scenarios involving NS. (f) Schematic demonstrating the fabrication procedure for the array of hollow Al2O3 NS. (g) Photograph (left) and SEM image (right) of the TPM. (h) SEM image of NS with a height of 1 μm, with an enlarged view provided on the right