Fig. 4

miR@TDNs- enhanced angiogenesis via the paracrine signaling of DPSCs. a The angiogenic potential of HUVECs is assessed through a tube formation assay: the six groups consist of supernatants from DPSCs treated with four distinct interventions (DPSCs treated with PBS, miR, TDN, or miR@TDN), along with VEGF (50 ng/ml) as a positive control and PBS as a negative control. The vascular formation status is assessed at 4 h across the different groups. b Quantitative analysis of the tube formation assay images from (a). c Results of WB analyses of the expression of vascular-related genes in HUVECs following six different interventions, \(\hbox {n}=3\). d The quantitative analysis of the related proteins in (c) to assess their expression levels, \(\hbox {n}=3\). Data include the mean ± SD, statistical analysis: \(*p<0.05, ***p<0.001\), and NS indicates no significance