Fig. 7

miR@TDN-induced enhanced angiogenesis/vasculogenesis in an in vivo dental pulp regeneration model: a The schematic diagram illustrates the ectopic pulp regeneration model in the nude mice. A mixture of collagen gel, DPSCs (pre-treated by miR@TDN) and HUVECs are injected into the inner space of the RSs. Subsequently, these RSs are subcutaneously transplanted into the backs of nude mice and allowed to regenerate for 6 weeks. b The representative images depict the retrieved RSs and the HE-stained sections, and the results of IHC staining to visualize human CD31 expression as a marker for blood vessels. c, d, e Results of quantitative assessment, which include the cell counts, vascularization rates (from HE-stained sections in panel b) and \(\hbox {CD31}^{+}\) lumen lengths (from IHC staining in panel b). The data are obtained through triplicate experiments (\(\hbox {n}=3\)) and are expressed as the mean ± SD. The statistical analysis shows that the significance levels are denoted as follows: \(**p<0.01, **p <0.001\), NS indicates no significance