Fig. 3

Calcein-AM/PI fluorescence staining, CCK-8 assay, and hemolysis test of LDHs-BSA-PHT. a, b Calcein-AM/PI fluorescence staining after 24 (a) and 48 (b) h, most of the cells in the experimental groups (PHT, BSA-LDHs, BSA-LDHs-PHT) showed green, which is similar to the blank control group. c Cell viability of Bend.3 cells were treated with PHT, BSA-LDHs, and BSA-LDHs-PHT at 0-200 µg/mL. No significant distinction was observed between the experimental and control groups (p > 0.05). d, e Photographs (d) and hemolysis assay (e) of RBCs treated with nanoparticles at 0 − 800 µg/mL. The experiments were conducted in pairs and replicated thrice. The experimental and negative control groups did not show any significant difference (p > 0.05). The data provided was the mean ± SD (n = 3). * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001