Table 2 Examples of successful novel inhalation drug delivery pulmonary system interventions for pulmonary fibrotic diseases
From: Novel inhalation therapy in pulmonary fibrosis: principles, applications and prospects
Author, year | Indications | Cargo | Excipient | Surface modification | Particle size (nm) | In vivo/vitro | Administration | Key results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Seo et al. 2016 [116] | BLM-PF | Tac | Alb-NPs | NA | 182.1 ± 28.5 | C57BL/6 | Intratracheal micro-spraying by microsprayer aerosolizer | The inhaled Tac Alb-NPs group displayed the better anti-fibrotic efficacy than intraperitoneal administration |
Lee et al. 2016 [117] | BLM-PF | Tac | PLGA-NPs | CTS | 320 ± 9.0 | C57BL/6 | Intratracheal micro-spraying by microsprayer aerosolizer | The inhaled Tac Alb-NPs group reduced the collagen deposition more than oral Tac administration |
Elkomy et al. 202 [118] | BLM-PF | NFD | PLGA-NPs | CTS | 188.20 ± 10.34 | Wistar rats | Intratracheal micro-spraying | The inhaled NFD-CFS-PLGA-NPs group reduced the levels of oxidative stress and fibrosis-related indicators |
Chen et al. 2022 [49] | PQ-ALI | QU | Nanogel | NA | QU-Nanogel: 61.87 Blank-Nanogel: 77.87 | SD rats/A549-GFP | Nebulization by ultrasonic atomizer | The inhaled QU-Nanogel group acted the down-regulation effects of inflammation cytokines and oxidative stress |
Bai et al. 2022 [122] | BLM-PF | siIL11 | PLGA | PEG | NA | C57BL/6 | Nebulization by vibrating mesh nebulizer | The inhaled NPs group significantly improved the pulmonary function test of mice |
Zhang et al. 2022 [123] | BLM-PF | mMMP13 | NPs | PEG | 261.6 ± 2.558 | C57BL/6 | Nebulization by air compressor nebulizer | The inhaled NPs group significantly improved PF by accelerating alveolar reepithelialization |
Garbuzenko et al. 2017 [134] | BLM-PF | PEG2, siMMP3, siCCL12, HIF1A | NLCs | NA | Empty NLC: 250 ± 30 With siRNA: 400 ± 50 | SKH1-hr hairless mice | Nebulization by collison nebulizer | The group of NLCs containing PEG2 combined with three siRNAs achieved the best therapeutic effects |
Hu et al. 2018 [108] | BLM-PF | Curcumin | LPMPs | NA | NA | SD rats | Dry powder inhalation by a handheld, dry-powder, breath-activated inhaler device | The curcumin LPMPs possessed the available size (3.12 μm) and inhibited PF by reducing the expressions of TNF-α, NF-κB p65 and MMP9 |
Hemmati et al. 2021 [109] | BLM-PF | Curcumin | NPs | NA | 275 | SD rats | Nebulization | The group of nano-curcumin of 200 μg/kg attained the best anti-inflammatory and protective effects against BLM-induced PF |
Chen et al. 2022 [110] | Radiation pneumonitis | Curcumin | MPDA | NA | 290.73 ± 29.73 | SD rats/BEAS-2B | Intratracheal administration | The group of curcumin-MPDA exerted anti-fibrosis effect through good anti-oxidation and anti-inflammatory ability |
Nafee et al. 2014 [139] | CF | QSI | SLNs | NA | NA | NA | Nebulization by ultrasonic atomizer | The group of QSI-SLNs (< 100 nm) could inhibit more |
Moreno-Sastre et al. 2016 [140] | CF | Tb | NLCs | NA | 250 | BALB/c OlaHsd mice | Intratracheal micro-spraying by microsprayer aerosolizer | virulence factor pyocyanin |
Garbuzenko et al. 2019 [138] | CF | luma/lva | NLCs | PEG | 282.2 ± 8.5 | Wistar rats | Nebulization by one-jet collison nebulizer | The group of luma/lva-NLCs (128.04 ± 1.58 nm) significantly reduced the affected regions in mice lungs |
Dinh et al. 2020 [152] | BLM-PF | NA | LSC-Exo | NA | 78.4 ± 2.5 | SD rats | Nebulization by air compressor nebulizer | The group of LSC-Exo could attenuate PF by reestablishing normal alveolar structure and decreasing myofibroblast proliferation |
Jiang et al. 2019 [145] | BLM-PF | H2 | NA | NA | NA | Wistar rats | Exposed to either air or 2% H2 | The H2 inhalation reduced ROS production and inhibited TGF-β Pathway reverses the process of EMT |
Toshiyuki et al. 2021 [146] | BLM-PF | H2 | NA | NA | NA | C57BL/6 mice | Exposed to either air or 3.2% H2 | Inhalation of H2 significantly reduced M2-biased macrophages and pro-inflammatory cytokines |