Fig. 1

Profiling of substrate stiffness-induced MSC-EVs. A, Schematic representation of MSC-EVs acquisition induced by PDMS-prepared substrates with different stiffness (stiff-EVs represent EVs secreted by MSCs on stiff substrates; soft-EVs represent EVs secreted by MSCs on soft substrates). B, TEM images of stiff-EVs and soft-EVs. Scale bar: 200 nm. C, Characterization of particle sizes for stiff-EVs and soft-EVs measured by using nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). D–F, Volcano diagrams showing the differences in biomolecules of stiff-EVs and soft-EVs. D, miRNA (|log₂(FC)|≥ 1; p ≤ 0.05 is defined as difference, n = 3); E, Protein (|log₂(FC)|≥ 0.58; p ≤ 0.05 is defined as difference, n = 3); F, Lipid ((|log₂(FC)|≥ 1; p ≤ 0.05 is defined as difference, n = 3). G–H, KEGG enrichment of proteins regulated by substrate stiffness in vesicles, G, up-regulated KEGG enrichment in stiff-EVs; H, up-regulated KEGG enrichment in soft-EVs (log₂(FC) > 6; p < 0.05, n = 3)