Fig. 4

Construction and characterization of GOQD-treated cell sheet-laden GelMA in vitro. A Naked-eye views and H&E staining images of hPDLSC-cell sheets after osteogenic induction with/without GOQDs for 7 days. B Thickness measurements of cell sheets through Fiji were performed and analyzed by the Kruskal‒Wallis test (n = 3). C Cell activity of hPDLSC-cell sheet fragments encapsulated in different concentrations of hydrogels after different curing times (n = 4). D Microscopic observation of the cell growth state after packaging hPDLSC-cell sheet fragments with different concentrations of GelMA hydrogels for 24 h. E SEM images. The upper images show cross-sectional views of 6% and 12% w/v GelMA hydrogels without cell sheets after curing. The lower images display details of the encapsulated hPDLSC-cell sheets in 6% and 12% w/v GelMA hydrogels for 3 days. F, G, H) GOQD-treated cell sheet fragment-laden GelMA was induced in osteogenic medium with/without GOQDs in vitro: F ALP staining after 10 days; G Alizarin red staining after 21 days; H Immunofluorescence staining of Col-1 and F-actin after 14 days. The vehicle group was the solvent control group. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, **** P < 0.0001