Table 1 Research information of top 10 herbal small molecule compounds associated with nanoparticles

Curcumin

C₂₁H₂₀O₆

368.38

Insoluble in water

Natural turmeric-derived nanovesicles

Colitis

[65, 66]

Chitosan-based nanoparticle

anti-lung cancer

[67]

Magnetic nanoparticles

Osteoarthritis; Acute Lung Injury

[68, 69]

Cu2-xSe-based nanoparticles

Parkinson’s Disease

[70]

Copper-curcumin nanoparticles

Rheumatoid Arthritis

[71]

Self-assembly nanoparticles

Antioxidant activity

[72]

silver nanoparticles

Anti-bacteria

[73]

Berberine

C₂₀H₁₈NO₄⁺

336.36

Insoluble in water

Liquid Crystalline Nanoparticle

Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer

[74]

Natural Coptidis Rhizoma-derived nanovesicles

Improving the pharmacokinetics

[75]

Liposomes

Photodynamic immunotherapy resistance

[76]

Macrophage-derived exosomes

Spinal cord injury

[77]

Polymeric nanoparticles

Cardio-metabolic diseases

[78]

Chitosan

Ulcerative Colitis

[79]

Polymeric Micelles

Rheumatoid Arthritis

[80]

Self-Assembly of gallic acid and berberine

Angiogenesis; Anti-inflammatory; Antibacterial

[81]

Self-Assembly of berberine and hesperetin

Ulcerative Colitis

[82]

Self-assembled of berberine derivatives and rhamnolipids

Anti-Helicobacter pylori

[84]

Self-Assemblies of berberine and Cinnamic Acid

Antibacterial

[85]

Celastrol

C₂₉H₃₈O₄

450.61

Insoluble in water

Polymeric nanoparticles

Corneal Stromal Fibrosis; Antiobesity; Corneal allograft

[86, 87, 93]

Inflammation-targeted polymeric nanomicelles

Rheumatoid arthritis

[88]

Mesangial cells-targeted albumin nanoparticle

Mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis

[89]

Enzyme-responsive nanoparticles

Arthritic joints

[90]

ROS-responsive polymeric nanoparticles

Rheumatoid arthritis

[91]

Nanoemulsion

Melanoma

[92]

Self-assembled polyethylene glycols

Anticancer

[94]

Silk Fibroin Nanoparticles

Pancreatic Cancer

[95]

Quercetin

C₁₅H₁₀O₇

302.24

Insoluble in water

Cu2- x Se-based nanoparticles

Parkinson’s Disease

[105]

Magnetic nanoparticles modified exosome

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

[97]

Octahedral ceria nanoparticles

Periodontal Inflammation

[98]

A Glutathione-activated Self-assembled nanoparticles

Anticancer

[100]

Chitosan

Mucositis; Antioxidant; Antibacterial

[99, 101]

Self-assembly of quercetin with amino acids and metal ion

Alzheimer’s disease

[96]

Self-assembled quercetin-Fe3 + nanoparticles

Anticancer

[102]

Self-assembled quercetin supramolecular nanoribbons

Intestinal inflammatory diseases

[103]

Assembling Quercetin-ferrum nanoparticles

Photothermal therapy

[104]

Triptolide

C₂₀H₂₄O₆

360.40

Insoluble in water

A Glutathione-activated Self-assembled nanoparticles

Anticancer

[100]

Inflammation-Targeted Polymeric Micelles

Collagen Induced Arthritis

[105]

Engineered exosomes

Melanoma

[106, 107]

Dendritic cell-derived exosomes

Colitis; rheumatoid arthritis

[108]

Light-activatable liposomes

Anti-hepatocellular carcinoma

[109]

polymeric nanoparticles

Collagen-induced arthritis

[110]

Hydrogels

Rheumatoid Arthritis

[111]

Metal–organic framework

Melanoma

[112]

Baicalin

C₂₁H₁₈O₁₁

446.36

Slightly soluble in water

Assembly of Baicalin

Anti-Obesity

[113]

Self-Assembly of baicalin and sanguinarine

Antibacterial and wound healing

[83]

Macrophage-targeting polymeric nanoparticles

Melanoma

[114]

Polymeric nanofiber

Vascularized bone regeneration

[115]

Hydrogel

Calvarial Bone Repair

[116]

Carbon dots

Anticancer

[117]

Emodin

C₁₅H₁₀O₅

270.24

Insoluble in water

Adipocytes-targeting polymeric nanoparticles

Anti-Obesity

[118]

Ferrimagnetic polymeric micelles

Magnetic hyperthermia-chemotherapy

[119]

Biomimetic nanocrystals

Anticancer

[120]

Self assembly of emodin and albumin

Photodynamic Therapy

[121]

Self-assembling Nanofibers

Retinal Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury

[122]

Puerarin

C₂₁H₂₀O₉

416.38

Slightly soluble in water

Chitosan

Antimicrobial peptides; Wound healing in diabetes

[123, 124]

Hydrogel

Uveal Melanoma; Heart Repair

[125, 126]

Selenium-layered nanoparticles

Antidiabetic

[127]

Tetrahedral Framework

Osteonecrosis

[128]

Resveratrol

C₁₄H₁₂O₃

228.24

Insoluble in water

Biomimetic nano-delivery system

Colorectal cancer

[129]

Polymeric nanoparticles

Alleviates Alzheimer's Disease; Neuroprotective effect; Macular degeneration

[130, 131, 134]

Nanoparticles prepared by polysaccharides

Antioxidant;Anticancer

[132]

tetrahedral framework nucleic acids

Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy

[133]

Macrophage exosomes

Multiple sclerosis

[135]

Chitosan

Antibacterial; Antioxidant activity; Cholesterol-lowering

[136, 137]

Polymeric nanoparticles

Rheumatoid arthritis

[138]

Rosmarinic acid

C₁₈H₁₆O₈

360.31

Soluble in water

Natural Rosmarinic Acid-derived nanovesicles

Inflammatory Bowel Disease

[139]

Self assembly of rosmarinic Acid

Synergistic Photoimmunotherapy

[140]

Polymeric nanoparticles

Inflammatory bowel disease

[141]

Electrospinning nanofibers

Wound healing

[142]

Chitosan

Antioxidant; Anti-inflammatory; Photoprotective properties

[143]