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Fig. 2 | Journal of Nanobiotechnology

Fig. 2

From: Peripheral extracellular vesicles in neurodegeneration: pathogenic influencers and therapeutic vehicles

Fig. 2

Deciphering the influence of bone-derived EVs on neurodegeneration. Bone derived EVs serve as important messengers in the bone-brain axis. EVs derived from bone marrow stem cells, immune cells, and osteocytes carry an array of functional molecules, including various proteins and miRNAs, which are implicated in neuroprotective mechanisms. These benefits are reduced when cells in the bones die or become inactive due to aging or disease states

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