Fig. 1

A Size distribution of HHPI by DLS. B Size distribution of HHPI@GA by DLS. C Zeta potentials of HHPI and HHPI@GA. D The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of HHPI@GA NPs. E TEM images of HHPI (i), HHPI@GA (ii) and HHPI@GA at pH 5.0 (iii). Scale bar: 100 nm.  F Size distribution of HHPI@GA at pH 5.0 from 0–24 h by DLS. G Release profiles of GA under various pH conditions (pH 5.0 and 7.4), with or without 808 nm laser irradiation. Black arrows indicate the points of laser irradiation, which occur at the 3rd and 9th hour marks, respectively. H Dissolved oxygen concentration in deoxygenated pure water after addition of oxygen-saturated HHHI@GA NPs and HHPI@GA NPs at different times. I¹H MRI and ¹⁹F MRI images of HHPI@GA NPs at different concentrations. J Relationship between ¹⁹F MRI SNR and HHPI@GA NPs concentration. K IR thermal images of HHPI@GA NPs under laser irradiation. L The photothermal capability of HHPI@GA NPs over four laser on/off cycles. M The absorption spectra of DPBF upon laser irradiation in HHPI@GA NPs solution. N Normalized absorbance of DPBF at 420 nm during ROS detection after different treatments