Fig. 4

Schematic strategies and in vivo validation of nano-biotechnological optimized cancer stem cell-targeted immunotherapy. A Structural illustration of PEG-HA-OVA/PPLs. B and C Long-term in vivo validation of lung cancer protection by PEG-HA-OVA/PPLs [124]. D Graphical mechanism of vaccination against ALDH⁺ cancer stem cell. E and F Therapeutic effect of ALDH-ND against melanoma D5 tumor model [125]. G Schematic illustration of hydrogel application, CAR-MΦ conversion, cancer stem cell antigen presentation, adaptive immune response activation, and natural killing. H, I and J In vivo simulation of the post-surgical treatment effect of nano porter hydrogel [127]. HA, hyaluronic acid; OVA, ovalbumin; ND, nanodisc. All panels were reproduced with permission