Fig. 1
From: Systematic review of the osteogenic effect of rare earth nanomaterials and the underlying mechanisms
The characteristics and biological applications of RE NMs. RE NMs principally manifest their biological effects through various forms such as nanoparticles, nanofibers, nanoscaffolds, nanoporous drug delivery systems, and fullerene derivatives. They are characterized by their luminescent, magnetic, electrical, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, which render them extensively applicable in the arenas of therapy, tissue engineering, bioimaging, and biosensing