Fig. 2

RE NMs promote osteogenesis in vivo. A Micro‑CT images of skulls from the control, CS, CePO₄/CS, and CePO₄/CS/GO groups 3 months after surgery. Source: Reprinted with permission from ref. [8]. B Effect of Eu-MSNs on osteogenesis in vivo. Representative micro-CT images of new bone formation (the grey background represents a normal skull, the black holes represent the surgically created 5 mm diameter cranial defect, and the red represent the newly formed bone at the defect site, according to analysis by CTAn software for Micro-CT. (a) Corresponding statistical analysis. (b) VG staining of the cranial defects shows that more new bone (red) was formed at the cross section of the defect in the Eu-P groups at 6 and 12 weeks. Source: Reprinted with permission from ref. [175]. Copyright 2024, with permission from Elsevier. C Fluorochrome-labelling analysis of bone mineralization by calcein (green) in La/LDH at 14 days and alizarin red (red) at 7 days before euthanasia. Source: Reprinted with permission from ref. [14]. CS, chitosan; GO, Graphene oxide; Eu-MSNs, europium-doped mesoporous silica nanospheres; Poly, polymer; M-P, MSNs coated polymer film; Eu-P, Eu-MSNs coated polymer film; La/LDH, lanthanum-substituted MgAl layered double hydroxide