Fig. 3
From: Systematic review of the osteogenic effect of rare earth nanomaterials and the underlying mechanisms
RE NMs promote osteogenesis in vitro. A (a) ALP staining and (b) alizarin red staining images of hBMSCs cultivated with control medium and extraction solution of HA/CS and CeHA/CS scaffolds for 7 and 20 days. Source: Reprinted with permission from ref. [164]. B RT‑PCR analysis of ALP, RUNX2, BMP‑2 and OCN expression in MC3T3‑E1 cells. Source: Reprinted with permission from ref. [8]. C Adipogenic differentiation of the rBMSCs after 7 days of treatment with NaYF4: Yb/Er at different concentrations. Source: Reprinted from ref. [189]. Copyright 2024, with permission from Elsevier. D Nucleation of collagen fibrillation by nanoparticles; CeO NPs, yellow. Source: Reprinted with permission from ref. [151]. HA, hydroxyapatite; CS, chitosan; CeHA/CS, nacre-mimetic cerium-doped layered hydroxyapatite/chitosan; GO, Graphene oxide; ALP, Alkaline Phosphatase; RUNX2, runt-related transcription factor 2; BMP-2, bone morphogenetic protein2; OCN, osteocalcin