Fig. 5

RE NMs inhibit osteoclasts to promote osteogenesis. A Schematic diagram of the mechanism through which CNS functions as a pro-anabolic therapy in OVX mice. B Annexin-V/PI staining was analysed via FCM to quantify the percentage of apoptotic early BMMs. Source: Reprinted with permission from ref. [157]. Copyright 2024, with permission from Elsevier. C Western blot results for t-GSK-3β, p-GSK-3β, β-catenin, Runx-2, OPG and RANKL expression in rBMSCs-OVX cultured with La-LDH and LDH scaffolds for 14 days. β-actin was used as an internal reference. D TRAP staining images of bone marrow macrophages cells cultured with La-LDH and LDH scaffolds in the presence of M-CSF (30 ng/mL) and RANKL (50 ng/mL) for 7 days. Source: Reprinted with permission from ref. [14]. Copyright 2024, with permission from Ivyspring International. CNS, cerium nano-system; RANKL, receptor activator of nuclear factor-κ B Ligand; GSK-3β, glycogen synthase kinase-3β; RUNX2, runt-related transcription factor 2; OPG, osteoprotegerin; La/LDH, lanthanum-substituted MgAl layered double hydroxide