Fig. 7

RE NMs regulate the immune environment to promote osteogenesis. A The prepared Eu-MSNs stimulated the polarization of macrophages to the inflammatory form, which further induced the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs and induced the angiogenic differentiation of HUVECs. Source: Reprinted with permission from ref. [175]. Copyright 2024, with permission from Elsevier. B qRT‒PCR analysis of the gene expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory markers in 0, 1, 10 and 20 μg/mL CeO NPs after 3 days. Source: Reprinted with permission from ref. [9]. Copyright 2024, with permission from Elsevier. C Scheme of the mechanism by which Gd@C₈₂(OH)₂₂ modulates the osteogenesis of hMSCs through the JNK/STAT3 signalling pathway in the inflammatory microenvironment. Source: Reprinted with permission from ref. [65]. Republished with permission of Royal Society of Chemistry, 2024, permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. D (a–h) Detection of M1 and M2 polarization by flow cytometry with macrophages labelled according to CCR6 and CD206 expression. Source: Reprinted with permission from ref. [23]. E (a) Van Gieson staining. (b) CD206 immunohistochemical staining of craniums with three cranial defects implanted with HA/CS, LaHA/CS, or MLaHA/CS scaffolds. Source: Reprinted from ref. [23] with permission of Royal Society of Chemistry, 2024, permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. Eu-MSN, europium-doped mesoporous silica nanospheres; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; CD163, cluster of differentiation 163; IL-10, Interleukin-10; TGF β, transforming growth factor-β; CCR7, Recombinant Chemokine C–C-Motif Receptor 7; CD206, Macrophage mannose receptor 1; LaHA/CS, lanthanum-doped hydroxyapatite (HA)/chitosan (CS); MLaHA/CS, magnetic M-type hexagonal ferrite (SrFe₁₂O₁₉) nanoparticles incorporated LaHA/CS