Fig. 8

RE NMs promote angiogenesis to regulate osteogenesis. A CeO NP-induced angiogenesis was measured by a chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay (A–D). Source: Reprinted with permission from ref. [182], copyright 2024, with permission from Elsevier. B Microfil-perfused μCT angiography of OVX mouse femurs treated with Ald or CNS and quantification of vessel volume and surface area. Images are representative of 5 independent experiments. Source: Reprinted with permission from ref. [157]. C The in vivo angiogenic property of Nd nanopolymorphs was assessed by using a chick egg CAM model. Source: Reprinted from ref. [189], copyright 2024, with permission from Elsevier. D Microphotographs of the aortic arch sprout area. Source: Reprinted from ref. [13], copyright 2024, from WILEY. E (a) Zebrafish embryos at 72 h. (i) Blank control, (ii) 100 μg/mL Eu rods, (iii) 100 μg/mL Eu spheres, (iv) 100 μg/mL Tb rods, (v) 100 μg/mL Tb spheres. Compared with those in the blank control group, vessel sprouts were found in the ISV region and head under nanoparticle treatment. (b) Graph showing the numbers of ISV-recovered embryos. (c) Graph showing the average ISV sprouts per embryo. The number of ISV sprouts increased at different levels after nanoparticle treatment. Source: Reprinted from ref. [188], copyright 2024, with permission from WILEY. VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; CNP, cerium oxide nanoparticles; OVX, ovariectomized; Ald, alendronate; CNS, cerium nano-system; PC, positive control; NC, negative control; NHH, Nd nanoparticles, NBA, Nd nanocubes; NBC, Nd nanorod; Native Col, native collagen; Col-LO, collagen–lanthanum oxide; Col-KA, collagen-ƙ-carrageena; Col-KA-LO, collagen-ƙ-carrageenan-lanthanum oxide nanoparticle