Table 1 Details of direct osteogenic effects of RE NMs
From: Systematic review of the osteogenic effect of rare earth nanomaterials and the underlying mechanisms
RE NMs | Synthetic method | Physicochemical properties and biological advantages | Model | Mechanism | Osteogenic effect | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CeO NPs | Microemulsion method Wet chemical technique | Antioxidative Anti-inflammatory Antibacterial activities | BMSCs Mouse midfemoral defect model | DHX15/p38 MAPK | Promote cell proliferation and hypertrophic differentiation Promote ectopic osteogenesis through endochondral ossification | [114] |
MC3T3-E1 cells | Fam53B/Wnt/β-catenin | Promote cell proliferation, osteogenic differentiation and mineralization | [139] | |||
hBMSCs RAW 264.7 cells | Modulates inflammation microenvironment | [9] | ||||
hBMSCs | Autophagy | Promote osteogenic differentiation and mineralization Protect against ionizing radiation induced cellular damage | [54] | |||
Nano-shaped CeO coating | Hydrothermally method | Antioxidative Anti-inflammatory activities | MC3T3-E1 cells RAW264.7 cells HUVECs Rat femoral condyles | Scavenge ROS | Promote cell adhesion, proliferation osteogenic differentiation and mineralization Promote M2 polarization of macrophages and H typed blood vessel formation | [15] |
CePO4/CS/GO scaffold | Hydrothermal method and freeze-drying technology | Anti-inflammatory activities | MC3T3-E1 cells RAW264.7 cells | BMP2/Smad1/5 | Promote cell adhesion, migration, osteogenic differentiation and mineralization Promote angiogenesis and M2 polarization of macrophages | [8] |
Ce-BG scaffolds | Freeze-drying technology | / | hBMSCs Rat cranial defects | ERK1/2 | Promote cell proliferation, osteogenic differentiation and collagen deposition Promote bone regeneration | [127] |
nCe-scaffold | / | Antioxidant activities | MSCs Rat calvarium defect model | Integrin/TGF-β co-signaling | Promote osteogenic differentiation and mineralization Promote new bone formation | [133] |
nCeHA/CS | / | / | hBMSC MC3T3-E1 cells BMMs Rat calvarium defect model | BMP2/Smad5 RANK/RANKL/OPG | Promote cell adhesion, proliferation, migration, osteogenic differentiation Inhibiting osteoclast differentiation Decreased bone resorption | [164] |
Ce-MBGNs | Microemulsion-assisted sol–gel method | Anti-inflammatory Antioxidative activities | L929 cells J774a.1 cells SAOS-2 cells | RANK/RANKL/ OPG | Promote cell adhesion, proliferation, migration, osteogenic differentiation and mineralization Inhibiting osteoclast differentiation | [78] |
Eu-Gd2O3 Nanotubes | Coprecipitation process | / | MC3T3 cells Mouse oral model | BMP/Smad 1/5 | Promote cell proliferation, osteogenic differentiation and mineralization Enhance the bone mineral density and bone biomechanics | [113] |
Eu-MSNs | A one-pot method | / | BMSCs HUVECs | Immune response of macrophages | Promote osteogenesis and angiogenesis | [175] |
Gd-BTO NPs | Hydrothermal method | Electrical properties | MC3T3 cells | Calcineurin/NFAT | Promote osteogenic differentiation | [145] |
[Gd@C82(OH)22] n nanoparticles | Soft-template (CTAB) method | Anti-inflammatory Antioxidative activities | hMSCs | Modulates inflammation-induced osteogenesis through JNK/STAT3 | Protect cell viability, promote osteogenic differentiation in inflammatory microenvironment | [65] |
MSCs Ovariectomized rats | BMP/Smad1/5 | Promote osteogenic differentiation and mineralized nodule formation Inhibit adipogenic differentiation | [22] | |||
GdPO4/CS/Fe3O4 scaffolds | hydrothermal method | Anti-inflammatory activities | hBMSCs MC3T3-E1 cells RAW264.7 cells | BMP2/Smad | Promote cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation Promote M2 polarization of macrophages | [7] |
La-LDH nanohybrid scaffolds | Coprecipitation And freeze-drying technology | / | rBMSCs-OVX BMMs Calvarial bone defect OVX rats model | Wnt/β-catenin | Promote cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation | [14] |
La2O3 NPs | Sol–gel method | / | EA. hy926 MG-63 Rat tibia defects | / | Promote EA. hy926 proliferation and angiogenesis Promote OPN、OCN expression Promote bone defect repair | [13] |
Tb/MBG nanospheres | Sol–gel method | / | MC3T3 cells | / | Promote hydroxyapatite-mineralization in vitro | [201] |
Tb/Eu–FHA nanorods | Hydrothermal method | / | BMSCs | / | Promote osteogenic differentiation and COL1a1 production | [129] |
Y2O3 NPs-PCL | Precipitation with ammonium hydroxide | Antioxidative activities | UMR-106 cells | / | Promote cell proliferation Promote neovascularization | [66] |
NaGdF4:Yb/Er NPs | Thermal co-precipitation process | / | rBMSCs | / | Promote cell proliferation, osteogenic differentiation and mineralization Inhibit adipogenic differentiation | [12] |
NaYF4: Yb/Er nanocrystals | / | / | rBMSCs | / | Promote cell proliferation, osteogenic differentiation and mineralization Inhibit adipogenic differentiation | [11] |