Fig. 4

Salivary EVs as biomarkers for oral cancer. Salivary EVs are increasingly recognized as promising biomarkers for the accurate diagnosis and vigilant monitoring of oral cancer. Notably, distinct differences in the size and morphology of salivary EVs between individuals with oral cancer and healthy controls have been identified through detailed spectroscopic and morphological analyses. Moreover, oral cancer patients demonstrate aberrant expression profiles of microRNAs, proteins, and DNA in salivary EVs, highlighting their significant potential as biomarkers in oral oncology