Fig. 5

Salivary EVs are emerging as promising biomarkers for the diagnosis and monitoring of various systemic conditions. (A) In GBM patients, salivary exosomes show a notable increase in protein content. (B) Post-TBI, salivary EVs exhibit elevated expression of CDC2, CSNK1A1, and CTSD. (C) In PD patients, there’s an enhanced presence of α-synuclein, especially oligomeric forms, in salivary EVs. (D) EV morphology alterations are observable in AsCVD patients. (E) pSS patients exhibit increased levels of both tRNA and proteins in their salivary EVs. (F-H) Significantly, in ESCC, lung cancer, and pancreatobiliary tract cancer patients, there’s a marked elevation in tRNA, miRNA, and protein levels in salivary EVs. (I) In obese type 2 diabetes patients, salivary exosomal miR-25-3p is significantly elevated