Fig. 6

The therapeutic potential of salivary EVs. (A) Beyond their roles in diagnostics and prognosis, salivary EVs exhibit significant therapeutic potential. This arises from their inherent physiological functions and the complex array of molecular cargo they transport. (B) Salivary EVs are pivotal in promoting angiogenesis and enhancing wound healing processes. (C) Notably, salivary EVs have shown effective antiviral activity, especially against ZIKV infections, attributed to nonprotein inhibitory factors. (D) Containing coagulant tissue factor and CD24, salivary EVs contribute to hemostasis by binding to activated platelets via P-selectin interactions. (E) These distinctive capabilities render salivary EVs as optimal vectors for the delivery of specific therapeutic molecules to targeted tissues, thus advancing the prospects of precision medicine