Table 2 Salivary EVs as biomarkers for oral disease diagnosis and monitoring

Periodontitis

miR-140-5p, miR-146a-5p, miR-628-5p

Increased

Diagnostic markers for periodontitis

[52]

miR-223-3p

Decreased

Diagnostic markers for periodontitis

[53]

miR-125a-3p

Increased

Diagnostic markers, correlates with pocket depth

[54]

Immune-related proteins

Increased

Diagnostic markers, involvement in immune responses

[55]

CD9, osterix, TNFα

Increased: CD9, TNFα

Decreased: osterix

Diagnostic markers for periodontitis

[56]

LPS⁺ outer membrane vesicles, m⁵C methylation, pathogens

Increased

Diagnostic markers for periodontitis

[57]

CD9, CD81

Decreased

Correlates with periodontal disease severity

[58]

PD-L1 mRNA

Increased

Correlates with periodontal disease severity

[59]

C6, miR-142, miR-144

CD81, TSG101

Increased: C6, miR-142, miR-144 Decreased or unchanged: CD81, TSG101

Potential biomarkers for monitoring therapeutic efficacy

[60]

Oral cancer

Size, morphology, contents

Altered

Diagnostic markers for oral cancer

[64,65,66, 71]

miR-302b-3p, miR-517b-3p, miR-512-3p, miR-412-3p

Increased

Diagnostic markers for oral cancer

[67]

miR-24-3p

Increased

Diagnostic marker for oral cancer

[68]

miR-1307-5p

Increased

Diagnostic and prognostic markers for oral cancer

[69]

CD81, CD9, CD63

Increased: CD63 Decreased: CD81, CD9

Diagnostic marker for oral cancer

[71]

the proteomic pattern

Altered

Diagnostic marker for oral cancer

[71, 74]

Alix

Increased

Diagnostic and prognostic markers for oral cancer

[73]

HPV DNA, glycolytic enzymes

Increased

Diagnostic marker for oral cancer

[75]

salivary microvesicles

Increased

Diagnostic and prognostic markers for oral cancer

[76]

EGFR⁺ EVs

Increased

Diagnostic and prognostic markers for oral cancer

[77]

Oral lichen planus

miR-4484

Increased

Biomarker for monitoring malignant transformation

[78]