Table 3 Salivary EVs as biomarkers for diagnosis and monitoring of systemic diseases

pSS

proteins associated innate immunity

Increased

Involvement in pathogenesis of pSS

[84, 85]

RNA profiles, tRNA-Ile-AAT-2-1

Alter, decreased

Diagnostic markers for pSS

[86]

immune-regulatory proteins

Increased

Differentiating pSS from non-SS sicca

[87]

Non-oral neoplasms

tRNA-GlyGCC-5

Increased

Diagnostic marker for ESCC

[88]

G-NchiRNA

Decreased

Prognostic marker for ESCC

[89]

the proteomic pattern

Altered

Diagnostic markers for lung cancer

[91]

aldolase A, 14-3-3 protein ε, enoyl CoA hydratase 1, and transmembrane protease serine 11B

Increased

Prognostic marker for GBM

[93]

miR-1246 and miR-4644

Increased

Diagnostic marker for pancreatobiliary tract cancer

[94]

Parkinson’s disease

α-synuclein

Increased

Diagnostic markers for Parkinson’s disease

[96, 97]

EV concentration, α-synuclein

Increased

Diagnostic markers for Parkinson’s disease

[37]

α-synuclein

Increased

Differentiating Parkinson’s disease from MSA-P

[98]

TBI

gene expression pattern

Altered

Diagnostic markers for TBI

[102]

inflammation-related genes

Increased

Diagnostic marker for TBI

[103]

CDC2, CSNK1A1, CTSD

Increased

Diagnostic marker for mild TBI

[104]

Other systemic conditions

morphology

Altered

Involved in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease

[105]

miR-25-3p

Increased

Correlated with progression of diabetes-associated PD

[106]

PGK1

Increased

Correlated with mood states

[108]

morphology, protein content

Altered

Correlated with aging

[109]

miR-24-3p

Increased

Correlated with aging

[110]