Fig. 4

Schematic of the mechanism of GA crosslinking (A). Reprinted with permission from Ref. [111]. Copyright 2007, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mechanical properties of the swim bladder and bovine pericardium before and after crosslinking (B, C); Staining of tissue to show calcification after implantation into sheep pulmonary valve (D). B is the circumferential direction and C is the axial direction. BP, bovine pericardium; SB, swim bladder; UN, un-crosslinked; and GA, glutaraldehyde. The upper and lower borders of the box represent upper and lower quartiles, respectively. The horizontal line indicates the median value. Statistical significance is indicated as follows: *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; and ***, p < 0.001. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [85]. Copyright 2021, Royal Society of Chemistry