Theranostic | Payload | Target sites | Function | Desmoplastic tumors | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Therapy | Antigens | CTLs, CAFs | Present tumor antigens to CTLs Reprogram CAF-mediated immunosuppressive microenvironment | Breast cancer, lung cancer and colon cancer | |
 | PH20, doxorubicin | ECM | Degrade ECM Enhance the activation and infiltration of CD8+T cells Promote the maturation of CD103+ dendritic cells Enhance drug delivery | Prostate cancers and breast cancer | |
 | RGD, paclitaxel | ECM, tumor cells | Remove CAFs-mediated αSMA and type 1 collagen Enhance drug delivery | Pancreatic cancer | [116] |
 | MMP9 and MMP14 | ECM | Degrade tumor collagens Enhance the infiltration of CD8+T cells Anti-PD-1 antibody | Breast cancer | [100] |
 | miRNA-494 and miRNA-542-3p | Stromal cells | Activate MMPs and degrade ECM | Pancreatic cancer | [117] |
 | Silenced dicer | CAFs | Decrease FAP and α-SMA level of CAFs | Ovarian cancer | [118] |
 | siS100A4 | CAFs | Inhibit CAF-mediated lung metastasis of breast cancer | Breast cancer | [119] |
 | miR-5100 | CAFs | Inhibit the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis | Breast cancer | [120] |
Diagnosis | PKH26, DiR, cyanine, fluorescent proteins | Tumor tissues | Fuorescence imaging | Colon cancer and prostate cancer | |
 | gold-iron oxide nanoparticles s | Tumor tissues | Magnetic resonance imaging Selectively damage tumor cells via thermal ablation | Breast cancer | |
 | 99mTc, 131I and 111In-oxine | Tumor tissues | Single-photon emission computed tomography | Colon cancer |