Fig. 3

The biological effect induced by nanoparticles in vitro. (A) The uptake ratio of hNVs@Flu-EGCG (Flu, 20 µg/mL) in RM-1 cells was analyzed using flow cytometry (n = 3). (B) Confocal fluorescence images showing cellular uptake of hNVs@Flu-EGCG in RM-1 cells in at different time points. Scale bar, 10 μm. (C) Photographs of RM-1 cell colonies from after various treatments. (D) The survival fraction of RM-1 cells in cell colony formation assay (n = 3). (E) Quantification of the ratios of live cells (calcein-AM⁺ PI⁻) in live/dead cell staining assay (n = 3). (F) Images of hemolysis and the rate of hemolysis following exposure to varying concentrations of hNVs@Flu-EGCG (n = 3). (G) Apoptosis in cells was assessed by flow cytometry with Annexin-V FITC/PI staining after different types of treatment (n = 3). (H) Western blot assays demonstrated the activation of the apoptosis pathway and suppression of the NF-κB pathway in RM-1 cells after various treatments. All data are expressed as mean ± S.D. NS: no significance, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001