From: Interaction of nanoparticles with proteins: relation to bio-reactivity of the nanoparticle
Analysis of | Analytical technique | Brief description | Ref |
---|---|---|---|
Nanoparticle physical characterisation | |||
Size and charge | Dynamic light scattering | Changes in the hydrodynamic diameter of NP upon binding to proteins | [1] |
Analytical Ultracentrifugation | Changes in the hydrodynamic diameter of NP | [6] | |
Dissolution | Inductively coupled mass spectrometry | For detecting elemental composition of the nanomaterial | [90] |
Shape and structure | X ray diffraction | Determination of crystalline structure | [38] |
Electron microscopy | Visualisation of nanoparticle structure | ||
Surface area | Braunauer Emmet Teller method | Measures specific surface area using adsorption of gas on the surface | [38] |
De-agglomeration | Ultrasonication | Uses sound energy to disrupt large aggregates of NP | [36] |
Nanoparticle protein interaction | |||
Protein binding affinity | Isothermal calorimetry | To measure binding constant, thermodynamic parameters of NP-protein interactions | [2] |
Fluorescence spectroscopy | Measures change in fluorescence spectra due to NP-protein interaction | [65] | |
UV–vis spectroscopy | Measures change in absorption spectra due to NP-protein interaction | [57] | |
Quartz crystal balance | Detects change in mass at the oscillating quartz surface due to NP-protein interaction | [91] | |
Surface Plasmon resonance | Detects change in oscillation of electrons on a metal surface due to NP-protein interaction | [92] | |
Atomic force microscopy | Gives surface profile of the nanomaterial | [93] | |
Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy | Binding characteristics depending on fluctuation in florescence | [94] | |
Nanoparticle surface induced protein structure changes | |||
Protein structural changes after binding | Circular Dichroism spectroscopy | Measures changes in secondary structure of proteins depending on chiral properties of proteins | [61] |
Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy | Measures adsorption of amide bonds in the proteins to derive structural change | [43] | |
Raman spectroscopy | Studies molecular vibrations to predict structure | [52] | |
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance | Relies on magnetic properties of atomic nuclei to predict structure | [4] | |
Nanoparticle- Cellular interactions | |||
NP uptake | Confocal microscopy | Visualization of fluorescent nanoparticles in vitro | [59] |
Confocal micro Raman spectroscopy | [95] |