Feynman R: There's plenty of room at the bottom. Science. 1991, 254: 1300-1301.
Google Scholar
Ball P: Roll-up for the revolution. Nature. 2001, 414: 142-144. 10.1038/35102721.
CAS
Google Scholar
Salata OV: Application of nanoparticles in biology and medicine. J of Nanobiotechnology. 2004, 2: 3-10.1186/1477-3155-2-3.
Google Scholar
Mazzola L: Commercializing nanotechnology. Nature Biotechnology. 2003, 21: 1137-1143. 10.1038/nbt1003-1137.
CAS
Google Scholar
Paull R, Wolfe J, Hebert P, Sinkula M: Investing in nanotechnology. Nature Biotechnology. 2003, 21: 1134-1147. 10.1038/nbt1003-1144.
Google Scholar
NanoBusiness Alliance 2003 [http://www.nanobusiness.org].
Luther W, ed: Industrial application of nanomaterials – chances and risks. Future Technologies. 2004, 54: 1-112.
UK Royal Society and Royal Academy of Engineering: Nanoscience and nanotechnologies: opportunities and uncertainties. Final Report 2004 [http://www.nanotec.org.uk/finalReport.htm].
Google Scholar
Anon: Nanotech is not so scary. Nature 2003, 421: 299.
Google Scholar
UK report: More Hits Than Misses on Nanotech. Action Group on Erosion, Technology and Concentration (ETC) 2004 [http://www.etcgroup.org/documents/NR_RSfinreport.finaldoc.pdf].
Nemmar A, Vanbilloen H, Hoylaerts MF, Hoet PH, Verbruggen A, Nemery B: Passage of intratracheally instilled ultrafine particles from the lung into the systemic circulation in hamster. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001, 164: 1665-1668.
CAS
Google Scholar
Xiang JJ, Tang JQ, Zhu SG, Nie XM, Lu HB, Shen SR, Li XL, Tang K, Zhou M, Li GY: IONP-PLL: a novel non-viral vector for efficient gene delivery. J Gene Med. 2003, 5: 803-817. 10.1002/jgm.419.
CAS
Google Scholar
Brown DM, Donaldson K, Borm PJ, Schins RP, Dehnhardt M, Gilmour P, Jimenez LA, Stone V: Calcium and ROS-mediated activation of transcription factors and TNF-alpha cytokine gene expression in macrophages exposed to ultrafine particles. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2004, 286: L344-353. 10.1152/ajplung.00139.2003.
CAS
Google Scholar
Zheng M, Jagota A, Strano MS, Santos AP, Barone P, Chou CG, Diner BA, Dresselhaus MS, Mclean RS, Onoa GB, Samsonidze GG, Semke ED, Usrey M, Walls DJ: Structure-based carbon nanotube sorting by sequence-dependent DNA assembly. Science. 2003, 302: 1543-1548. 10.1126/science.1091911.
Google Scholar
Moolgavkar SH, Brown RC, Turim J: Biopersistence, fiber length, and cancer risk assessment for inhaled fibers. Inhal Toxicol. 2001, 13: 755-772. 10.1080/089583701316941294.
CAS
Google Scholar
Lippmann M: Effects of fiber characteristics on lung deposition, retention, and disease. Environ Health Perspect. 1990, 88: 311-317.
CAS
Google Scholar
Moore MA, Brown RC, Pigott G: Material properties of MMVFs and their time-dependent failure in lung environments. Inhal Toxicol. 2001, 13: 1117-1149. 10.1080/08958370152647645.
CAS
Google Scholar
Oberdorster G: Determinants of the pathogenicity of man-made vitreous fibers (MMVF). Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2000, 73: S60-S68.
CAS
Google Scholar
Oberdorster G: Pulmonary effects of inhaled ultrafine particles. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2001, 74: 1-8. 10.1007/s004200000185.
CAS
Google Scholar
Oberdorster G: Toxicokinetics and effects of fibrous and nonfibrous particles. Inhal Toxicol. 2002, 14: 29-56. 10.1080/089583701753338622.
CAS
Google Scholar
Warheit DB, Hart GA, Hesterberg TW, Collins JJ, Dyer WM, Swaen GM, Castranova V, Soiefer AI, Kennedy GL: Potential pulmonary effects of man-made organic fiber (MMOF) dusts. Crit Rev Toxicol. 2001, 31: 697-736.
CAS
Google Scholar
Service RF: Nanomaterials show signs of toxicity. Science. 2003, 300: 243-10.1126/science.300.5617.243a.
Google Scholar
Warheit DB, Laurence BR, Reed KL, Roach DH, Reynolds GA, Webb TR: Comparative Pulmonary Toxicity Assessment of Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes in Rats. Toxicol Sci. 2003, 77: 117-125. 10.1093/toxsci/kfg228.
Google Scholar
Lam CW, James JT, McCluskey R, Hunter RL: Pulmonary Toxicity of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes in Mice 7 and 90 Days after Intratracheal Instillation. Toxicol Sci. 2003, 77: 126-134. 10.1093/toxsci/kfg243.
Google Scholar
Maynard AD, Baron PA, Foley M, Shvedova AA, Kisin ER, Castranova V: Exposure to Carbon Nanotube Material: Aerosol Release During the Handling of Unrefined Single Walled Carbon Nanotube Material. J Toxicol Environ Health. 2004, 67: 87-107.
CAS
Google Scholar
Oberdorster G, Ferin J, Lehnert BE: Correlation between particle size, in vivo particle persistence, and lung injury. Environ Health Perspect. 1994, 102: 173-179.
Google Scholar
Driscoll KE, Deyo LC, Carter JM, Howard BW, Hassenbein DG, Bertram TA: Effects of particle exposure and particle-elicited inflammatory cells on mutation in rat alveolar epithelial cells. Carcinogenesis. 1997, 18: 423-430. 10.1093/carcin/18.2.423.
CAS
Google Scholar
Oberdorster G, Yu CP: Lung dosimetry – considerations for noninhalation studies. Exp Lung Res. 1999, 25: 1-6. 10.1080/019021499270385.
CAS
Google Scholar
Heinrich U, Muhle H, Hoymann HG, Mermelstein R: Pulmonary function changes in rats after chronic and subchronic inhalation exposure to various particulate matter. Exp Pathol. 1989, 37: 248-252.
CAS
Google Scholar
Lee KP, Kelly DP, Schneider PW, Trochimowicz HJ: Inhalation toxicity study on rats exposed to titanium tetrachloride atmospheric hydrolysis products for two years. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1986, 83: 30-45. 10.1016/0041-008X(86)90320-0.
CAS
Google Scholar
Lee KP, Kelly DP, Schneider PW, Trochimowicz HJ: Inhalation toxicity study on rats exposed to titanium tetrachloride atmospheric hydrolysis products for two years. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1986, 83: 30-45. 10.1016/0041-008X(86)90320-0.
CAS
Google Scholar
Hoet PH, Gilissen L, Nemery B: Polyanions protect against the in vitro pulmonary toxicity of polycationic paint components associated with the Ardystil syndrome. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2001, 175: 184-190. 10.1006/taap.2001.9247.
CAS
Google Scholar
Hoet PH, Gilissen LP, Leyva M, Nemery B: In vitro cytotoxicity of textile paint components linked to the "Ardystil syndrome". Toxicol Sci. 1999, 52: 209-216. 10.1093/toxsci/52.2.209.
CAS
Google Scholar
Fischer D, Li Y, Ahlemeyer B, Krieglstein J, Kissel T: In vitro cytotoxicity testing of polycations: influence of polymer structure on cell viability and hemolysis. Biomaterials. 2003, 24: 1121-1131. 10.1016/S0142-9612(02)00445-3.
CAS
Google Scholar
Morgan DM, Clover J, Pearson JD: Effects of synthetic polycations on leucine incorporation, lactate dehydrogenase release, and morphology of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. J Cell Sci. 1988, 91: 231-238.
CAS
Google Scholar
Morgan DM, Larvin VL, Pearson JD: Biochemical characterisation of polycation-induced cytotoxicity to human vascular endothelial cells. J Cell Sci. 1989, 94: 553-559.
CAS
Google Scholar
Haensler J, Szoka FC: Polyamidoamine cascade polymers mediate efficient transfection of cells in culture. Bioconjug Chem. 1993, 4: 372-379.
CAS
Google Scholar
Fischer D, Bieber T, Li Y, Elsasser HP, Kissel T: A novel non-viral vector for DNA delivery based on low molecular weight, branched polyethylenimine: effect of molecular weight on transfection efficiency and cytotoxicity. Pharm Res. 1999, 16: 1273-1279. 10.1023/A:1014861900478.
CAS
Google Scholar
Dekie L, Toncheva V, Dubruel P, Schacht EH, Barrett L, Seymour LW: Poly-L-glutamic acid derivatives as vectors for gene therapy. J Control Release. 2000, 65: 187-202. 10.1016/S0168-3659(99)00235-7.
CAS
Google Scholar
Ryser HJ: A membrane effect of basic polymers dependent on molecular size. Nature. 1967, 215: 934-936.
CAS
Google Scholar
Singh AK, Kasinath BS, Lewis EJ: Interaction of polycations with cell surface negative charges of epithelial cells. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1992, 1120: 337-342.
CAS
Google Scholar
Geiser M, Schurch S, Gehr P: Influence of surface chemistry and topography of particles on their immersion into the lung's surface-lining layer. J Appl Physiol. 2003, 94: 1793-1801.
Google Scholar
Gehr P, Geiser M, Hof VI, Schurch S: Surfactant ultrafine particle interactions: what we can learn from PM10 studies. Phil Trans R Soc Lond A. 2000, 358: 2707-2718.
CAS
Google Scholar
Schins RP, Duffin R, Hohr D, Knaapen AM, Shi T, Weishaupt C, Stone V, Donaldson K, Borm PJ: Surface modification of quartz inhibits toxicity, particle uptake, and oxidative DNA damage in human lung epithelial cells. Chem Res Toxicol. 2002, 15: 1166-1173. 10.1021/tx025558u.
CAS
Google Scholar
Fubini B: Surface Reactivity in the Pathogenic Response to Particulates. Environ Health Perspect. 1997, 105: 1013-1020.
Google Scholar
Yeates DB, Mauderly JL: Inhaled environmental/occupational irritants and allergens: mechanisms of cardiovascular and systemic responses: Introduction. Environ Health Perspect. 2001, 109: 479-481.
Google Scholar
Gold DR, Litonjua A, Schwartz J, Lovett E, Larson A, Nearing B, Allen G, Verrier M, Cherry R, Verrier R: Ambient pollution and heart rate variability. Circulation. 2000, 101: 1267-1273.
CAS
Google Scholar
Liao D, Creason J, Shy C, Williams R, Watts R, Zweidinger R: Daily variation of particulate air pollution and poor cardiac autonomic control in the elderly. Environ Health Perspect. 1999, 107: 521-525.
CAS
Google Scholar
Conhaim RL, Eaton A, Staub NC, Heath TD: Equivalent pore estimate for the alveolar-airway barrier in isolated dog lung. J Appl Physiol. 1988, 64: 1134-1142.
CAS
Google Scholar
Hermans C, Knoops B, Wiedig M, Arsalane K, Toubeau G, Falmagne P, Bernard A: Clara cell protein as a marker of Clara cell damage and bronchoalveolar blood barrier permeability. Eur Respir J. 1999, 13: 1014-1021. 10.1034/j.1399-3003.1999.13e14.x.
CAS
Google Scholar
Florence AT, Hussain N: Transcytosis of nanoparticle and dendrimer delivery systems: evolving vistas. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2001, 50: S69-S89. 10.1016/S0169-409X(01)00184-3.
CAS
Google Scholar
Brown JS, Zeman KL, Bennett WD: Ultrafine particle deposition and clearance in the healthy and obstructed lung. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002, 166: 1240-1247. 10.1164/rccm.200205-399OC.
Google Scholar
Kawakami K, Iwamura A, Goto E, Mori Y, Abe T, Hirasaw Y, Ishida H, Shimada T, Tominaga G: Kinetics and clinical application of 99mTc-technegas. Kaku Igaku. 1990, 27: 725-733.
CAS
Google Scholar
Steiner S, Pfutzner A, Wilson BR, Harzer O, Heinemann L, Rave K: Technosphere/Insulin – proof of concept study with a new insulin formulation for pulmonary delivery. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2002, 110: 17-21. 10.1055/s-2002-19989.
CAS
Google Scholar
Kreyling W, Semmler M, Erbe F, Mayer P, Schulz H, Oberdorster G, Ziesenis A: Translocation of ultrafine insoluble iridium particles from lung epithelium to extrapulmonary organs is size dependent but very low. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2002, 65: 1513-1530. 10.1080/00984100290071649.
CAS
Google Scholar
Oberdorster G, Sharp Z, Atudorei V, Elder A, Gelein R, Lunts A, Kreyling W, Cox C: Extrapulmonary translocation of ultrafine carbon particle following whole-body inhalation exposure of rats. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2002, 65: 1531-1543. 10.1080/00984100290071658.
CAS
Google Scholar
Takenaka S, Karg E, Roth C, Schulz H, Ziesenis A, Heinzmann U, Schramel P, Heyder J: Pulmonary and systemic distribution of inhaled ultrafine silver particles in rats. Environ Health Perspect. 2001, 109: 547-551.
CAS
Google Scholar
Eyles JE, Bramwell VW, Williamsson ED, Alpar HO: Microsphere translocation and immunopotentiation in systemic tissues following intranasal administration. Vaccine. 2001, 19: 4732-4742. 10.1016/S0264-410X(01)00220-1.
CAS
Google Scholar
Kato T, Yashiro T, Murata Y, Herbert DC, Oshikawa K, Bando M, Ohno S, Sugiyama Y: Evidence that exogenous substances can be phagocytized by alveolar epithelial cells and transported into blood capillaries. Cell Tissue Res. 2003, 311: 47-51. 10.1007/s00441-002-0647-3.
Google Scholar
International Labour Organisation: Safety in the use of mineral and synthetic fibres; working document and report of the meeting of experts on safety in the use of mineral and synthetic fibres, Geneva, 17–25 April 1989. Occupational Safety and Health Series. 1990, 64: 1-94.
Google Scholar
Searl A: A review of the durability of inhaled fibers and options for the design of safer fibers. Annals of Occupational Hygiene. 1994, 38: 839-855.
CAS
Google Scholar
Stanton MF, Laynard M, Tegeris A, Miller E, May M, Kent E: Carcinogenicity of fibrous glass: pleural response in the rat in relation to fiber dimension. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1977, 58: 587-603.
CAS
Google Scholar
Stanton MF, Wrench C: Mechanisms of mesothelioma induction with asbestos and fibrous glass. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1972, 48: 797-821.
CAS
Google Scholar
Berman DW, Crump KS, Chatfield EJ, Davis JM, Jones AD: The sizes, shapes, and mineralogy of asbestos structures that induce lung tumors or mesothelioma in AF/HAN rats following inhalation. Risk Anal. 1995, 15: 181-195.
CAS
Google Scholar
Schins RP: Mechanisms of genotoxicity of particles and fibers. Inhal Toxicol. 2002, 14: 57-78. 10.1080/089583701753338631.
CAS
Google Scholar
Hussain N, Jaitley V, Florence AT: Recent advances in the understanding of uptake of microparticulates across the gastrointestinal lymphatics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2001, 50: 107-142. 10.1016/S0169-409X(01)00152-1.
CAS
Google Scholar
Aprahamian M, Michel C, Humbert W, Devissaguet JP, Damge C: Transmucosal passage of polyalkylcyanoacrylate nanocapsules as a new drug carrier in the small intestine. Biol Cell. 1987, 61: 69-76.
CAS
Google Scholar
Hillyer JF, Albrecht RM: Gastrointestinal persorption and tissue distribution of differently sized colloidal gold nanoparticles. J Pharm Sci. 2001, 90: 1927-1936.
CAS
Google Scholar
Jani P, Halbert GW, Langridge J, Florence AT: The uptake and translocation of latex nanospheres and microspheres after oral administration to rats. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1989, 41: 809-812.
CAS
Google Scholar
Hussain N, Florence AT: Utilizing bacterial mechanisms of epithelial cell entry: invasin-induced oral uptake of latex nanoparticles. Pharm Res. 1998, 15: 153-156. 10.1023/A:1011981610840.
CAS
Google Scholar
Hussain N, Jani PU, Florence AT: Enhanced oral uptake of tomato lectin conjugated nanoparticles in the rat. Pharm Res. 1997, 14: 613-618. 10.1023/A:1012153011884.
CAS
Google Scholar
Hillery AM, Jani PU, Florence AT: Comparative, quantitative study of lymphoid and non-lymphoid uptake of 60 nm polystyrene particles. J Drug Target. 1994, 2: 151-156.
CAS
Google Scholar
Woodley JF: Lectins for gastrointestinal targeting – 15 years on. J Drug Target. 2000, 7: 325-333.
CAS
Google Scholar
Szentkuti L: Light microscopical observations on luminally administered dyes, dextrans, nanospheres and microspheres in the pre-epithelial mucus gel layer of the rat distal colon. J Control Release. 1997, 46: 233-242. 10.1016/S0168-3659(96)01600-8.
CAS
Google Scholar
Jani P, Halbert GW, Langridge J, Florence AT: Nanoparticle uptake by the rat gastrointestinal mucosa: quantitation and particle size dependency. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1990, 42: 821-826.
CAS
Google Scholar
Lomer MC, Thompson RP, Powell JJ: Fine and ultrafine particles of the diet: influence on the mucosal immune response and association with Crohn's disease. Proc Nutr Soc. 2002, 61: 123-130.
Google Scholar
Kucharzik T, Lugering A, Lugering N, Rautenberg K, Linnepe M, Cichon C, Reichelt R, Stoll R, Schmidt MA, Domschke W: Characterization of M cell development during indomethacin-induced ileitis in rats. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2000, 14: 247-256. 10.1046/j.1365-2036.2000.00688.x.
CAS
Google Scholar
Powell JJ, Harvey RS, Ashwood P, Wolstencroft R, Gershwin ME, Thompson RP: Immune potentiation of ultrafine dietary particles in normal subjects and patients with inflammatory bowel disease. J Autoimmun. 2000, 14: 99-105. 10.1006/jaut.1999.0342.
CAS
Google Scholar
Hopwood D, Spiers EM, Ross PE, Anderson JT, McCullough JB, Murray FE: Endocytosis of fluorescent microspheres by human oesophageal epithelial cells: comparison between normal and inflamed tissue. Gut. 1995, 37: 598-602.
CAS
Google Scholar
McMinn LH, Hodges GM, Carr KE: Gastrointestinal uptake and translocation of microparticles in the streptozotocin-diabetic rat. J Anat. 1996, 189: 553-559.
Google Scholar
Limpanussorn J, Simon L, Dayan AD: Intestinal uptake of particulate material by dexamethasone-treated rats: use of a novel technique to avoid intestinal mucosal contamination. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1998, 50: 745-751.
CAS
Google Scholar
Lademann J, Weigmann H, Rickmeyer C, Barthelmes H, Schaefer H, Mueller G, Sterry W: Penetration of titanium dioxide microparticles in a sunscreen formulation into the horny layer and the follicular orifice. Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol. 1999, 12: 247-256. 10.1159/000066249.
CAS
Google Scholar
Kreilgaard M: Influence of microemulsions on cutaneous drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2002, 54: S77-S98. 10.1016/S0169-409X(02)00116-3.
CAS
Google Scholar
Tinkle SS, Antonini JM, Rich BA, Roberts JR, Salmen R, DePree K, Adkins EJ: Skin as a route of exposure and sensitization in chronic beryllium disease. Environ Health Perspect. 2003, 111: 1202-1208.
CAS
Google Scholar
Menon GK, Elias PM: Morphologic basis for a pore-pathway in mammalian stratum corneum. Skin Pharmacol. 1997, 10: 235-246.
CAS
Google Scholar
Andersson KG, Fogh CL, Byrne MA, Roed J, Goddard AJ, Hotchkiss SA: Radiation dose implications of airborne contaminant deposition to humans. Health Phys. 2002, 82: 226-232. 10.1097/00004032-200202000-00007.
CAS
Google Scholar
Lademann J, Otberg N, Richter H, Weigmann HJ, Lindemann U, Schaefer H, Sterry W: Investigation of follicular penetration of topically applied substances. Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol. 2001, 14: 17-22. 10.1159/000056385.
Google Scholar
de Jalon EG, Blanco-Prieto MJ, Ygartua P, Santoyo S: PLGA microparticles: possible vehicles for topical drug delivery. Int J Pharm. 2001, 226: 181-184. 10.1016/S0378-5173(01)00811-0.
CAS
Google Scholar
Blundell G, Henderson WJ, Price EW: Soil particles in the tissues of the foot in endemic elephantiasis of the lower legs. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1989, 83: 381-385.
CAS
Google Scholar
Corachan M: Endemic Non-Filarial Elephantiasis of Lower-Limbs – Podoconiosis. Medicina Clinica. 1988, 91: 97-100.
CAS
Google Scholar
Verma DD, Verma S, Blume G, Fahr A: Particle size of liposomes influences dermal delivery of substances into skin. Int J Pharm. 2003, 258: 141-151. 10.1016/S0378-5173(03)00183-2.
CAS
Google Scholar
Saunders J, Davis H, Coetzee L, Botha S, Kruger A, Grobler A: A novel skin penetration enhancer: evaluation by membrane diffusion and confocal microscopy. J Pharm Pharm Sci. 1999, 2: 99-107.
CAS
Google Scholar
Hostynek JJ: Factors determining percutaneous metal absorption. Food Chem Toxicol. 2003, 41: 327-345. 10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00257-0.
CAS
Google Scholar
Labhasetwar V, Song C, Humphrey W, Shebuski R, Levy RJ: Arterial uptake of biodegradable nanoparticles: effect of surface modifications. J Pharm Sci. 1998, 87: 1229-1234. 10.1021/js980021f.
CAS
Google Scholar
Peters A, Dockery DW, Muller JE, Mittleman MA: Increased particulate air pollution and the triggering of myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2001, 103: 2810-2815.
CAS
Google Scholar
Nemmar A, Hoylaerts MF, Hoet PH, Dinsdale D, Smith T, Xu H, Vermylen J, Nemery B: Ultrafine particles affect experimental thrombosis in an in vivo hamster model. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002, 166: 998-1004. 10.1164/rccm.200110-026OC.
Google Scholar
Nemmar A, Hoylaerts MF, Hoet PH, Vermylen J, Nemery B: Size effect of intratracheally instilled particles on pulmonary inflammation and vascular thrombosis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2003, 186: 38-45. 10.1016/S0041-008X(02)00024-8.
CAS
Google Scholar
Peters A, Doring A, Wichmann HE, Koenig W: Increased plasma viscosity during an air pollution episode: a link to mortality?. Lancet. 1997, 349: 1582-1587. 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)01211-7.
CAS
Google Scholar
Peters A, Liu E, Verrier RL, Schwartz J, Gold DR, Mittleman M, Baliff J, Oh JA, Allen G, Monahan K, Dockery DW: Air pollution and incidence of cardiac arrhythmia. Epidemiology. 2000, 11: 11-17. 10.1097/00001648-200001000-00005.
CAS
Google Scholar
Akerman ME, Chan WC, Laakkonen P, Bhatia SN, Ruoslahti E: Nanocrystal targeting in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci US A. 2002, 99: 12617-12621. 10.1073/pnas.152463399.
CAS
Google Scholar
Davda J, Labhasetwar V: Characterization of nanoparticle uptake by endothelial cells. Int J Pharm. 2002, 233: 51-59. 10.1016/S0378-5173(01)00923-1.
CAS
Google Scholar
Boland S, Baeza-Squiban A, Fournier T, Houcine O, Gendron MC, Chevrier M, Jouvenot G, Coste A, Aubier M, Marano F: Diesel exhaust particles are taken up by human airway epithelial cells in vitro and alter cytokine production. Am J Physiol. 1999, 276: L604-L613.
CAS
Google Scholar
Juvin P, Fournier T, Boland S, Soler P, Marano F, Desmonts JM, Aubier M: Diesel particles are taken up by alveolar type II tumor cells and alter cytokines secretion. Arch Environ Health. 2002, 57: 53-60.
CAS
Google Scholar
Hoet PH, Nemery B: Stimulation of phagocytosis by ultrafine particles. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2001, 176: 203-10.1006/taap.2001.9263.
CAS
Google Scholar
Lundborg M, Johard U, Lastbom L, Gerde P, Camner P: Human alveolar macrophage phagocytic function is impaired by aggregates of ultrafine carbon particles. Environ Res. 2001, 86: 244-253. 10.1006/enrs.2001.4269.
CAS
Google Scholar
Mossman BT, Sesko AM: In vitro assays to predict the pathogenicity of mineral fibers. Toxicology. 1990, 60: 53-61. 10.1016/0300-483X(90)90162-A.
CAS
Google Scholar
Oberdorster G: Lung particle overload: implications for occupational exposures to particles. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 1995, 21: 123-135. 10.1006/rtph.1995.1017.
CAS
Google Scholar
Fernandez-Urrusuno R, Fattal E, Feger J, Couvreur P, Therond P: Evaluation of hepatic antioxidant systems after intravenous administration of polymeric nanoparticles. Biomaterials. 1997, 18: 511-517. 10.1016/S0142-9612(96)00178-0.
CAS
Google Scholar
Powell JJ, Ainley CC, Harvey RS, Mason IM, Kendall MD, Sankey EA, Dhillon AP, Thompson RP: Characterisation of inorganic microparticles in pigment cells of human gut associated lymphoid tissue. Gut. 1996, 38: 390-395.
CAS
Google Scholar
Oberdorster G, Sharp Z, Atudorei V, Elder A, Gelein R, Lunts A, Kreyling W, Cox C: Extrapulmonary translocation of ultrafine carbon particles following whole-body inhalation exposure of rats. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2002, 65: 1531-1543. 10.1080/00984100290071658.
CAS
Google Scholar
Pratten MK, Lloyd JB: Uptake of microparticles by rat visceral yolk sac. Placenta. 1997, 18: 547-552.
CAS
Google Scholar
Alyaudtin RN, Reichel A, Lobenberg R, Ramge P, Kreuter J, Begley DJ: Interaction of poly(butylcyanoacrylate) nanoparticles with the blood-brain barrier in vivo and in vitro. J Drug Target. 2001, 9: 209-221.
CAS
Google Scholar
Pulfer SK, Ciccotto SL, Gallo JM: Distribution of small magnetic particles in brain tumor-bearing rats. J Neurooncol. 1999, 41: 99-105. 10.1023/A:1006137523591.
CAS
Google Scholar
Schroeder U, Sommerfeld P, Ulrich S, Sabel BA: Nanoparticle technology for delivery of drugs across the blood-brain barrier. J Pharm Sci. 1998, 87: 1305-1307. 10.1021/js980084y.
CAS
Google Scholar
Kreuter J: Nanoparticulate systems for brain delivery of drugs. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2001, 47: 65-81. 10.1016/S0169-409X(00)00122-8.
CAS
Google Scholar
Araujo L, Lobenberg R, Kreuter J: Influence of the surfactant concentration on the body distribution of nanoparticles. J Drug Target. 1999, 6: 373-385.
CAS
Google Scholar