Fig. 6

Surfactant based picloram delivery to A. thaliana plants. On the left hand side of the images given are the tested surfactants whose concentration was kept constant at 0.01% (w/v) while on the top of the images are the relevant concentrations of picloram ranging between 4.14 × 10⁻⁵ mM to 4.14 × 10⁻¹ mM. a Water treated control A. thaliana plant 7 days after treatment. b–f Plants treated with increasing concentrations of picloram mixed in water. Arrows on b and c indicate the characteristic herbicidal effect of picloram leaf curling. From d–f the herbicidal effect elevated to a very severe leaf curling and a progressive increase in chlorosis was evident. Similar to the picloram in water treatments, plants spray applied with incremental doses of picloram mixed in F127, showed a gradual increase in phytotoxicity symptoms such as leaf curling, petiole curling and chlorosis from (g) to (l). m–r For a slow rise in the amount of picloram in empigen, the herbicidal effects was much stronger when compared to other similar treatments of the experiment. s–x For picloram delivered along with empimin the phytotoxicity impact was similar to F127 based herbicide delivery. Scale bar equals 1.5 cm