Table 4 Nano-based vaccine candidates to prevent COVID-19 infection
From: How can nanotechnology help to combat COVID-19? Opportunities and urgent need
Name | Developer | Method/platform | Development phase |
|---|---|---|---|
Moderna coronavirus vaccine | National Institutes of Health (NIH) and Moderna (United States) | mRNA-based vaccine, which encodes the full-length of the spike (S) protein encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles | Phase 1 NCT04283461 Phase 2 NCT04405076 |
NVX-CoV2373 | Novavax, Inc. (United States) | Virus-like nanoparticle, which contains SARS-CoV-2 S protein combined with adjuvant matrix -M | Pre-clinical |
Ad5-nCoV | Cansino Biologics, Inc. (China) | Adenovirus 5 vector, which contains SARS-CoV-2 S nanoparticles produced in the baculovirus insect cell expression system | Phase I NCT04313127 |
COVID-19 vaccine candidate | BioNTech/Fosun Pharma/Pfizer (Germany) | Lipid-based nanoparticles (LNPs) combined with mRNA. | Phase I/II NCT04368728 |
COVID-19 vaccine candidate | Viroclinics Xplore (Netherlands) | UQ`S molecular clamp technology, which locks the S protein conformation to mimic the protein found on the live virus | Pre-clinical |
COVID-19 vaccine candidate | Ufovax, LLC (United States) | Virus-like particle with features of SARS-CoV-2 S protein protruding from a protein nanoparticle scaffold | Pre-clinical |
COVID-19 vaccine candidate | Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Belgium) | Recombinant vaccine using AdVac® technology, which is based on the development and production of adenovirus vectors (gene carriers) combined with the PER.C6® cell line | Pre-clinical |
COVID-19 vaccine candidate | Translate Bio/Sanofi Pasteur (United States) | LNPs loading mRNA encoding functional proteins from SARS-CoV-2 | Pre-clinical |
DPX-COVID-19 | IMV, Inc. (Canada) | LNPs formulated with DPX platform, containing peptides epitopes from SARS-CoV-2 S protein | Pre-clinical |
COVID-19 vaccine candidate | CanSino Biologics/Precision NanoSystems (China/Canada) | LNPs combined with mRNA | Pre-clinical |
COVID-19 vaccine candidate | Fudan University/Shanghai JiaoTong University/RNACure Biopharma (China) | LNPs loading mRNA encoding the receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 S protein | Pre-clinical |
COVID-19 vaccine candidate | Fudan University/Shanghai JiaoTong University/RNACure Biopharma (China) | LNPs loading mRNA that induces the formation of virus-like particles similar to native SARS-CoV-2 in the host | Pre-clinical |
COVID-19 vaccine candidate | University of Tokyo/Daiichi-Sankyo (Japan) | LNPs combined with mRNA | Pre-clinical |
COVID-19 vaccine candidate | BIOCAD (Russia) | LNPs formulated with recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV) that expresses mRNA from SARS-CoV-2 | Pre-clinical |
COVID-19 vaccine candidate | St. Petersburg Scientific Research Institute of Vaccines and Serums (Russia) | LNPs formulated with recombinant S protein and other epitopes from SARS-CoV-2 | Pre-clinical |
COVID-19 vaccine candidate | LakePharma, Inc. (United States) | Recombinant vaccine containing COVID-19 S proteins created using CHO manufacturing platforms | Pre-clinical |