Table 2 Stimuli-based DNA hydrogels based biosensing strategies

Fluorescence

Hybrid

miR-141

10^–4 fM

10⁻⁴fM-10 pM

N/A

4.3

[99]

Fluorescence

Hybrid

miR-141

1.1 × 10^–4 fM

10^–3 fM-10 pM

N/A

5.2

[99]

Fluorescence

Hybrid

OTA

0.01 ng mL⁻¹

0.05–100 ng mL⁻¹

2 h

4.26

[101]

Fluorescence

Hybrid

AIV H5N1

0.4 HAU

2^–1.2–2⁶ HAU 20 μL⁻¹

30 min

N/A

[103]

Fluorescence

Hybrid

DNA

6 fM

6 × 10^–15-6 × 10^–9 M

1 h

N/A

[104]

Colorimetric

Hybrid

Glucose

0.44 mM

0–15 mM

1.5 h

N/A

[108]

Colorimetric

Hybrid

Pb²⁺

13.9 nM

50–700 nM

1 h

N/A

[110]

Colorimetric

Hybrid

T-2 toxin

0.87 pg mL⁻¹

0.01–10,000 ng mL⁻¹

1.5 h

3.87/7.07

[112]

Colorimetric

Hybrid

MC-LR

3 ng L⁻¹

4.0–10,000 ng L⁻¹

N/A

 ≤ 5.52

[116]

Colorimetric

Hybrid

H₂O₂

1 μM

N/A

1 h

N/A

[117]

Colorimetric

Pure

Ct DNA

0.32 pM

1 pM-10 nM

N/A

3.63/6.15

[118]

SERS

Hybrid

AFP

50 pg mL⁻¹

50 pg mL⁻¹–0.5 μg mL⁻¹

2 h

0.9/1.7

[56]

SERS

Hybrid

UO₂²⁺

0.838 pM

1 pM-0.1 μM

2 h

N/A

[128]

SERS

Hybrid

miR-155

0.083 fM

0.1 fM-100 pM

40 min

0.8/2.6

[129]

SERS

Hybrid

miR-122

7.75 aM

10 aM-100 pM

N/A

0.59

[130]

SPR

Hybrid

PML/RARα

45.22 fM

100 fM-10 nM

N/A

5.29/7.71

[134]

CL

Hybrid

D-Dimer

53.7 fg mL⁻¹

100 fg mL⁻¹–100 ng mL⁻¹

3 h

2.96/4.51

[55]

CL

Hybrid

FDP

31.6 fg mL⁻¹

100 fg mL⁻¹–100 ng mL⁻¹

3 h

3.73/4.76

[55]

CL

Hybrid

Adenosine

1.04 × 10^–13 M

4 × 10^–13-1.5 × 10^–10 M

N/A

2.8

[135]

ECL

Hybrid

Let-7a

1.49 fM

10 fM-10 nM

N/A

0.59/1.13

[54]

Electrochemical

Hybrid

miR-21

5 nM

10 nM-50 μM

N/A

N/A

[139]

Electrochemical

Pure

H₂O₂

13 nM

30 nM-100 μM

N/A

2.4

[140]

Electrochemical

Hybrid

HPA

0.003 pg mL⁻¹

0.01 pg mL⁻¹–20 ng mL⁻¹

2 h

7.36/9.35

[142]

Electrochemical

Hybrid

Hg²⁺

0.042 pM

0.1 pM-10 nM

N/A

3.2/6.8

[143]

Glucometer

Hybrid

miRNAs

0.325 fM

0.5–250 fM

N/A

N/A

[50]

Glucometer

Hybrid

Adenosine

1.6 μM

0–750 μM

2 h

N/A

[70]

Glucometer

Hybrid

Dam

0.001 U mL⁻¹

0.001–5.0 U mL⁻¹

1 h

N/A

[149]

V-chip

Hybrid

Adenosine

0.06 μM

0–1 μM

30 min

N/A

[150]

V-chip

Hybrid

OTA

1.27 nM

0–1 μM

1.5 h

N/A

[151]

V-chip

Hybrid

Uranium

37 nM

0–600 nM

N/A

N/A

[164]

Pressuremeter

Hybrid

Cocaine

0.12 μM

0–400 μM

15 min

N/A

[153]

Electronic balances

Hybrid

AFB1

9.4 μg kg⁻¹

31.2 μg kg⁻¹–6.2 mg kg⁻¹

30 min

1.3/4.9

[69]

pH meter

Hybrid

AFB1

0.1 µM

0.2–20 µM

60 min

N/A

[165]

Microfluidic

Pure

MERS

0.1 × 10^–12 M

N/A

30 min

N/A

[157]

Microfluidic

Pure

Pathogen

0.019 pM

N/A

15 min

N/A

[158]

Microfluidic

Pure

SARS-CoV-2

0.7 aM

N/A

15 min

N/A

[166]

µPADs

Hybrid

Cocaine

3.8 μM

10–400 μM

1.5 h

N/A

[162]

µPADs

Hybrid

Cocaine

4.5 μM

0–500 μM

N/A

N/A

[163]

LF-NMR

Hybrid

BPA

0.07 ng mL⁻¹

10^–2-10² ng mL⁻¹

N/A

N/A

[86]

PEC

Hybrid

p53

20 fM

100 fM-10 nM

60 min

N/A

[51]

Capillary

Hybrid

Pb²⁺

10 nM

0.01–50 μM

1 h

4.6

[167]

Ellipsometry

Pure

Let-7a

0.2 fM

0.2–500 fM

4 h–6 h

N/A

[53]

Ellipsometry

Pure

miR-375

10 fM

0.01–700 pM

4 h–6 h

N/A

[53]

Ellipsometry

Pure

miR-21

40 pM

0.04–100 nM

4 h–6 h

N/A

[53]