Fig. 2

Nanopores affect macrophage phenotype. A Macrophage morphology and the M1- and M2-related genes expression were influenced by the tunable nanoporous thin membrane on PEEK. Reproduced with permission [103]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier. B The structures anodic alumina structures with different sized pores. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [105]. Copyright 2017, Royal Society of Chemistry. C the expression of macrophage-related cytokines and markers was detected by the real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Reproduced with permission from Ref. [105]. Copyright 2017, Royal Society of Chemistry. D Morphological changes of macrophages on TiO₂ honeycomb-like nanostructures. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [19]. Copyright 2021, Science