Diameter of nanotubes | Cells/Animals | M1 markers | M2 markers | Overall polarization | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
30 and 80 nm | Human monocyte-derived macrophages and human BMSCs Sprague Dawley rats | ↓CD86, CCR7 ↓IL-1β, IL-6 | ↑CD206, CD163 ↑IL-10 ↑TGF-β, Arg1 | M2 on 30 nm | |
↑CD86, CCR7 ↑IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ ↑iNOS | N/A | M1 on 80 nm | |||
30 and 80 nm | J774A.1 | ↓TNF-α ↓MCP-1, MIP-1α (especially on 80 nm) | N/A | M2 (especially on 80 nm) | [119] |
20, 50 and 120 nm | RAW 264.7 | ↓TNF-α ↓MCP-1, MIP-1a | N/A | M2-like (especially 50 and 120 nm) | [120] |
About 80 nm | RAW 264.7 | ↓IL-6, IL-1β ↓TNF-α ↓MCP-1, MIP-1α, RANTES ↓NO | N/A | M2-like | |
About 50–140 nm | THP1 and HUVECs | ↓CD86, CCR7 ↓IL-1β, IL-8 ↓TNF-α, iNOS | ↑CD206 ↑IL-10 ↑Arg1, VEGF | M2 | |
30, 70 and 110 nm | RAW 264.7 and rat BMSCs | ↑CCR7 (70 and 110 nm) ↑IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 (70 and 110 nm) ↑TNF-α (110 nm) ↑NO (110 nm) | ↓TGF-β1 | M1 on 110 nm under oxidative stress | [124] |
30, 70 and 120 nm | RAW 264.7 | N/A | ↑BMP2 ↓TGF-β1 (30 nm) ↑ICAM-1 (30 and 70 nm) | Not clearly defined | [128] |