Table 3 Representative studies illustrating how nanofibers affect macrophage polarization
Fabrication methods and material features | Cells/Animals | M1 markers | M2 markers | Overall polarization | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Electrospinning (PU-nanofibers: 270 nm diameter and 480 nm pore size. PU-microfibers: 1.15 μm diameter and 3.32 μm pore size) | RAW 264.7 Sprague Dawley rats and C57BL/6 mice | ↑TNF-α, IL-1β and iNOS (microfibers) | ↑CD206 and IL-10 (microfibers) | Nanofibers caused minimal macrophage responses and only mild foreign body reactions compared to microfibers | [91] |
Electrospinning (3D PLGA nanofibrous meshes) | Human monocyte-derived macrophages | ↑27E10, MACRO ↓IL-1β ↓TNF-α | ↓CD163 | M1 but with decreased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines | [137] |
Electrospinning (Aligned/random PLLA scaffolds, 550 nm and 1.6 μm) | RAW264.7 | ↓G-CSF ↓IFN-Ύ ↓TNF-α ↓RANTES, MIP-1α | N/A | M2-like | [139] |
Electrospinning PDO scaffolds with different diameters and porosity) | C57BL/6 mice bone marrow derived macrophages and mouse endothelial cells | ↓iNOS | ↑TGF-β1 ↑Arg1 | M2 (on larger fiber/pore sizes) | [140] |