Fig. 1

Schematic showing MNP-based manipulators for potent tumor immunotherapy. Applications of MNPs in immunotherapy research include: effective loading of immunotherapeutic agents; real-time tracking of the dynamic process of the immune response by MRI; remote magnetic field-controlled delivery of immunotherapeutic agents; and MNP-mediated magnetic hyperthermia to regulate immunological TME, e.g., to induce immunogenic tumor cell death, to promote macrophage polarization to a pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype, and to accelerate T lymphocyte infiltration into the tumor site. MF: magnetic field, including static magnetic field and alternating magnetic field (AMF)