Table 2 Several metallic nanoparticles have been applied in cancer therapy for immune modulation
From: Metal ions and nanometallic materials in antitumor immunity: Function, application, and perspective
Nanoparticle | Metallic material | Delivery technology | Additional agents | Cancer type | Immune modulation | Effectiveness | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PL/APMP-DOX | Mn3 (PO4)2(APMP) | Lipid bilayer coating (PL) | Doxorubicin (DOX)Generate DNA damage | Breast cancer (4T1 cells) | Augments cGAS/STING activity | Tumor targeting; DC maturation; T cell infiltration; NK recruitment; Type I-IFNs,TNF-a↑ | [80] |
H-MnO2-PEG/C&D | Hollow MnO2 | Polyethylene-glycol (PEG) | Photodynamic agent chlorine e6 (Ce6); DOX | Breast cancer (4T1 cells) | Enhances macrophages infiltration; facilitates M2/M1 polarization | T1WI MRI imaging; H2O2 decomposition; metastasis inhibition; combined chemo-PDT | [81] |
Mn@CaCO3/ICG@siRNA | Walnut-like MnO2 NPs | PH-response cover layer of CaCO3 | PD-L1-targeting siRNA; ICG | Lung cancer (Lewis cells) | Improves CTL-mediated antitumor immunities | Enhances PDT effect; relieves tumor hypoxia; silences PD-L1 gene; DC infiltration, effector↑ | [82] |
CpG@PLGA-PLLmPEG/SPIO (MINPs) | Superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) | mPEG-PLGA-PLL triblock copolymer | Immunoadjuvant CpG-ODNs Activate TLR9 | Breast cancer (4T1 cells) | Activates DCs; induces TNF-α, IL-6 and IFN-γ secretion | Magnetic targeting; synergistic PTT; precise MR/PA image; photo-immunotherapy | [85] |
PEG-coated ferrihydrite nanoparticles (PEG-Fns) | Fe(NO3)3·9H2O | Biocompatible PEG-coating | / | Lung cancer (SCC-7 cells) | Induces M1 macrophage polarization | Promotes ROS-based CDT; increased oxidative stress; apoptosis/ferroptosis↑ metastasis prevention | [87] |
Fe2+/siRNA/PDA nanoparticles (FesiRNAPNPs) | FeCl2 | Polydopamine (PDA) | Fe2+ chelator -GMP; GAPDH siRNA | Colon cancer (CT26 cells) | ROS generation & GSH consumption in the TME leads to tumor killing | Accumulation of LPO; Fe2+-induced ferroptosis Transformation of H2O2 into ·OH Suppression of tumor growth | [88] |
PolyA-CpG-AuNPs | Nano-gold (AuNPs) | Poly-adenine (polyA) tail | Immunoadjuvant CpG-ODNs | Leukemia (RAW264.7) | Immune- stimulatory activity via TLR9 | Efficient delivery; induces expression of proinflammatory cytokines | [91] |
AuNP4 | HAuCl4 · 3H2O | Monolayer Mercaptosuc-cinic acid (MSA) | Radiation | Breast cancer (MCF7) | Tumor neoantigen presentation, cytokine secretion; priming of host antitumor T cells | Enhances RT induced ICD tumor growth delay; TME immunogenicity↑ Radiosensitization | [92] |
Mangiferin functionalized (MGF)-AuNPs | NaAuCl4 | Mangiferin (polyphenol:Dglucoside) | / | prostate cancer (PC-3 cells) | Antitumor cytokines (IL-12 and TNF-α)↑; IL-10, IL-6↓ | Targets macrophages via the NF-kB pathway; anti-angiogenesis agent; reprograms M2 macrophages to M1 macrophages | [96] |
AuNP@B16F10 | HAuCl4 | Exocytosis of B16F10/ DC 2.4 | Coincubation with DC2.4; exposure to UV irradiation; NIR | Melanoma (B16F10 cells) | Provides a pro-inflammatory immune environment | Promoted DC maturation Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes↑; induces hyperthermia; anti-metastasis effect | [98] |
Silver/silver sulfide Janus nanoparticle (Ag/Ag2S JNP) | AgNO3 | PEGylated | H2O2; NIR-II | Breast cancer (MCF7) | PTT; noninvasive location and diagnosis in vivo | H2O2-activated imaging; NIR-II fluorescence switching specifically activated by H2O2 | [101] |
AM@DLMSN@ CuS/R848 | Copper sulfide (CuS) | Dendritic large-pore mesoporous silica nanoparticles (DLMSNs) | Anti-PD-1 peptide AUNP-12; Resiquimod (R848)(TLR7/8 agonist);Â NIR | Breast cancer (4T1 cells) | Photothermal ablation induced ICD | High photothermal conversion efficiency; PTT agent suppressing TNBC growth and metastasis; block the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway | [108] |
CuS-sorafenib-anti-VEGFR antibodies (CuS-SF@CMV) | Hollow-CuS | Cancer cell-macrophage hybrid membrane-coating | Sorafenib; anti-VEGFR antibodies | Hepatocell-ular carcinoma (HepG2 cells) | Localizes to the homotypic cells and escapes immune cell-mediated elimination | Inhibits tumor cell proliferation and angiogenesis via the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT pathways | [109] |
ZnS@BSA | ZnS | BSA (bovine serum albumin) | Generated H2S | Hepatoma | Activates cGAS/STING pathway | ROS production; infiltration of CD8+ T cells, cross-presentation of DCs↑ | [114] |
Zn2+@ SA/PCT | ZnCl2 | Hesperidin | Sodium alginate (SA), pectin(PCT) | Colon cancer (HCT116) | Induces apoptosis via excessive generation of ROS | Inhibited proliferation of colon carcinoma cell and induced apoptosis in in vitro condition | [111] |