Table 3 Other emerging magnetic nanoparticles for imaging of metastatic lymph nodes

FA-IONP

/

Cancer cells

Locating in the lymphatic system for the LNMs targeting

[83]

MagTrace and MagSeed

Subcutaneousl

Breast cancer patients

Displaying the effectiveness and safety for SLN localization

[84]

Fe3O4@KCTS-LECs-double antibody

Intravenous

Mouse model of colon cancer

Displaying fluorescence/MR dual-imaging for LECs and high tumor-targeted properties

[87]

F127-ICG/Mn

Subcutaneous

Mouse model of SLN metastasis

Successfully distinguishing the micro- and macro-SLN metastasis

[88]

AC-DC-probe

Endoscopic

Swine model of gastric cancer

ACDC-probe-labelled SLNs were clearly identified within AC and DC magnetic fields

[91]

Gd-DTPA

Subcutaneous

Mouse model of melanoma

Estimating the metastatic potential of tumor-draining LN cells

[93]

Gd-G6

Intracutaneous

Mouse model of breast cancer

Characterizing micro- and macro-metastasis within the lymphatic system

[95]

Gd₂O₃@PCD

Subcutaneous

Mouse model of breast cancer

Accurately in vivo staging of LNs and their metastatic spread

[97]

Gd³⁺·DOTA⊂SNPs

Intra-footpad

NOD/SCID mice

[98]

Gd-Au PENPs

Intravenous

VX2 tongue cancer model

Exhibiting the dual-modal CT/magnetic resonance lymphography properties

[100]

inkMNP-PEG-H2

Subcutaneous

4T1 tumor-bearing mice

High signal-to-noise ratio, high accumulation and high sensitivity in lymphatic imaging

[101]

MSN-probe

Intravenous

4T1 tumor metastatic model

Facilitating NIR optical, MRI and PET imaging simultaneously

[102]