Table 1 Summary of mechanisms and removal efficiency of different organic and inorganic nanomaterials for air pollutants remediation

CuO–MnO₂–Fe₂O₃/ γ-Al₂O₃

Mercury (Hg°)

Thermal desorption

–

[109]

Cerium oxide

CO

Catalytic oxidation

100

[110]

Fe/Co co-doped/Mn-Ce/TiO₂

NO and Hg°

Reduction and oxidation

55–92

[111]

Ti-doped Fe₃O₄ (1 1 1)

NOx

Catalytic oxidation

80

[112]

Silver, zinc, and iron

E. coli

Disinfection

97 ~ 99

[113]

Pt-TiO₂

NOx

Catalysis

96.7

[114]

Graphene oxide

PM 2.5

Filtration

99

[58]

CoFe₂O₄-peroxymonosulfate

Hg°

Catalysis

85

[115]

Fe₃O₄@EDTA@Fe (II)

NOx

Adsorption

90

[116]

Iron-loaded ZSM-5 zeolite

SO₂, NO, Hg°

Catalysis

100, 72.6, 93.4

[117]

Silver/polyacrylonitrile

Bacteria (E. coli)

Filtration

104 CFU/mL

[118]

ZnO

H₂S

Adsorption

29.50 mg/g

[119]

bismuth oxide with graphene

Xylene

Photocatalysis

38.8–98.7

[120]

MnOx- MIL-100(Fe)

Hg°

Adsorption and oxidation

77.4

[121]

Silica(HS-UVM7-NH₂-UVM7)

Lead (Pb)

Adsorption

95

[122]

MOF-801 and Cu₂O

PM2.5 and PM10

Filtration, adsorption

64–85

[123]

Nd (neodymium) -TiO₂

VOCs

Photocatalysis

60–80

[124]

V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂

NOx and Hg°

Catalytic reduction

93 ~ 99

[26, 125]

Thiol modified silica

Vanadium (V)

Adsorption

95

[126]

Polyacrylonitrile-boehmite

PM 2.5

Filtration

99.97

[127]

Hypochlorite (ClO⁻)

Sulfur gas

Adsorption

–

[26]

Nd (neodymium) -TiO₂

NOx, VOCs, bioaerosols

Photocatalysis

60 ~ 80

[124]

Ca-doped ZnO

Tetracycline

Mineralization

99

[128]

Li₂MnO₃

CO, CO₂

Chemisorption, Catalysis

–

[129]

Polysaccharides/MnO₂-polymer fiber

Formaldehyde

Oxidation, catalysis

95.5

[130]